Resolved CFD-DEM simulations of the hydraulic conveying of coarse grains through a very-narrow elbow

This paper investigates numerically the hydraulic conveying of solids through a 90$^{\circ}$ elbow that changes flow direction from horizontal to vertical, in very-narrow case where ratio pipe particle diameters is less than 5. We performed resolved CFD-DEM (computational fluid dynamics - discrete element method) computations, which we made use IB (immersed boundary) method open-source code CFDEM. investigate effects water and injection rate on transport sedimentation by tracking granular structures appearing pipe, motion individual particles, contact network settled particles. found saturated for each velocity large number particles settle region smaller velocities, forming crystal-like lattice persists time, propose procedure mitigate problem.